The burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to dietary risk factors in Australia between 1990 and 2019.

Unhealthy diet is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, there are no studies reporting the impact and trends of dietary risk factors on CVD in Australia. This study aimed to determine the burden of CVDs attributable to dietary risk factors in Australia between 1990 and 2019. We used data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study and quantified the rate (per 100,000) of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with a disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs) for 21 CVDs attributable to 13 dietary risk factors (eight food groups and five nutrients) in Australia by sex and age groups (≥25 years and over). In 2019, the age-standardised rates of deaths, YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs attributable to dietary risk factors attributable to CVDs in the Australian population were 26.5, 60.8, 349.9, and 410.8 per 100,000 in women and 46.1, 62.6, 807.0, and 869.6 in men. Between 1990 and 2019, YLLs consistently contributed more towards the rates of DALYs than YLDs. Over the 30-year period, CVD deaths, YLLs, and DALYs attributable to dietary risk factors declined in both women and men. The leading dietary risk factors for CVD deaths and DALYs were a diet high in red meat (6.1 deaths per 100,000 [3.6, 8.7] and 115.6 DALYs per 100,000 [79.7, 151.6]) in women and a diet low in wholegrains (11.3 deaths [4.4, 15.1] and 220.3 DALYs [86.4, 291.8]) in men. Sex differences were observed in the contribution of dietary risk factors to CVD over time such that the lowest rate of decrease in deaths and DALYs occurred with diets high in sodium in women and diets high in processed meat in men. Although the burden of diet-related CVD has decreased significantly in the Australian population over the past 30 years, diets low in wholegrains and high in red meat continue to contribute significantly to the overall CVD burden. Future nutrition programs and policies should target these dietary risk factors.

Rapid Design of an ICU Ventilator: An Approach Based on Smart Switching of Compressed Air-Oxygen.

Breathing support is provided by regulating volume or pressure of lungs using ventilators. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, there was a sudden shortage of resuscitating devices such as ventilators. Additionally, ventilators being one of the primary critical care devices are also very costly. In order to address this situation, a number of low-cost designs have been proposed, however, many of these lack either an efficient control system or a hardware comparable to a standard ICU ventilator. In this regard, this article presents a comprehensive cost-effective solution that covers all aspects of the ventilator design (named as NED-Vent) such as hardware/pneumatic assembly, electronic design, user interface and control system. The proposed design works on compressed air-oxygen switching via proportional valves to produce basic volume and pressure modes as well as their derivatives such as assist ventilation, intermittent ventilation and spontaneous modes. The NED-Vent also features an interactive single-knob-single-touch user interface along with an automated mechanism for adjusting air-oxygen ratio in breathing gas mixture as an improvement on existing designs. The pressure regulated control is based on two mathematical models of human lungs with dynamic lung parameters estimated using machine learning approach. Additionally, the controller is tuned to optimized stability using Jury's Test and Ziegler-Nichols methods. The obtained results of breath profile are validated for the employed mathematical models (SLSC & SLMC) as well as the tuning methods in compliance with the tolerances provided by international standards.

Emerging burdens of adolescent psychosocial health problems: a population-based study of 202 040 adolescents from 68 countries.

BACKGROUND: Psychosocial health problems are major public health burdens for adolescents. Identifying risk factors is essential to containing negative health implications. AIMS: This study aimed to estimate the burden of psychosocial health problems among adolescents, and identify potential risk and protective factors. METHOD: We used the Global School-based Student Health Survey data from 68 countries across six World Health Organization regions. We computed the overall, national- and regional-level weighted estimates of the mean number of psychosocial health problems. Adjusted Poisson regression models examined the factors associated with psychosocial health problems. RESULTS: Our sample totalled 202 040 adolescents aged 11-17 years (mean age 14.6 [s.d. 1.18] years), composed of 95 589 (47.31%) boys and 104 191 (51.57%) girls (2260 (1.12%) missing answers). Samoa had the highest mean number of psychosocial health problems (mean 2.64 [s.d. 1.41]), and Niue had the lowest (mean 0.33 [s.d. 0.72]). In the pooled analysis, the following factors were associated with higher rates of psychosocial health problems in adolescents globally: ≥13 years of age, being female, experiencing food insecurity, experiencing physical violence, having been bullied, engagement in physical altercation, experiencing serious injury, missing school without parental permission, lack of parental support or monitoring, parents who were not understanding of their child's problems and high sedentary behaviour. Being female, food insecurity, bullying, physical attacks or serious injury were all significantly associated with higher rates of psychosocial health problems in each of the six regions separately. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of psychosocial health problems is high among adolescents, although there are country-level variations. Health promotion strategies should consider the identified factors to promote adolescents' health and well-being.

Burden of Hypertensive Heart Disease and High Systolic Blood Pressure in Australia from 1990 to 2019: Results From the Global Burden of Diseases Study.

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of comprehensive studies examining the burden and trends of hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and high systolic blood pressure (SBP) among the Australian population. We aimed to explore the burden of HHD and high SBP, and how they changed over time from 1990 to 2019 in Australia. METHODS: We analysed data from the Global Burden of Disease study in Australia. We assessed the prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALY), years lived with disability (YLD) and years of life lost (YLL) attributable to HHD and high SBP. Data were presented as point estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). We compared the burden of HHD and high SBP in Australia with World Bank defined high-income countries and six other comparator countries with similar sociodemographic characteristics and economies. RESULTS: From 1990 to 2019, the burden of HHD and high SBP in Australia reduced. Age standardised prevalence rate of HHD was 119.3 cases per 100,000 people (95% UI 86.6-161.0) in 1990, compared to 80.1 cases (95% UI 57.4-108.1) in 2019. Deaths due to HDD were 3.4 cases per 100,000 population (95% UI 2.6-3.8) in 1990, compared to 2.5 (95% UI 1.9-3.0) in 2019. HHD contributed to 57.2 (95% UI 46.6-64.7) DALYs per 100,000 population in 1990 compared to 38.4 (95% UI 32.0-45.2) in 2019. Death rates per 100,000 population attributable to high SBP declined significantly over time for both sexes from 1990 (155.6 cases; 95% UI 131.2-177.0) to approximately one third in 2019 (53.8 cases; 95% UI 43.4-64.4). Compared to six other countries in 2019, the prevalence of HHD was highest in the USA (274.3%) and lowest in the UK (52.6%), with Australia displaying the third highest prevalence. Australia ranked second in term of lowest rates of deaths and third for lowest DALYs respectively due to high SBP. From 1990-2019, Australia ranked third best for reductions in deaths and DALYs due to HHD and first for reductions in deaths and DALYs due to high SBP. CONCLUSION: Over the past three decades, the burden of HHD in Australia has reduced, but its prevalence remains relatively high. The contribution of high SBP to deaths, DALYs and YLLs also reduced over the three decades.

Synthesis of New Derivatives of Benzylidinemalononitrile and Ethyl 2-Cyano-3-phenylacrylate: In Silico Anticancer Evaluation.

In this study, microwave-assisted Knoevenagel condensation was used to produce two novel series of derivatives (1-6) from benzylidenemalononitrile and ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate. The synthesized compounds were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and 1H NMR spectroscopies. The pharmacodynamics, toxicity profiles, and biological activities of the compounds were evaluated through an in silico study using prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) studies. According to the PASS prediction results, compounds 1-6 showed greater antineoplastic potency for breast cancer than other types of cancer. Molecular docking was employed to investigate the binding mode and interaction sites of the derivatives (1-6) with three human cancer targets (HER2, EGFR, and human FPPS), and the protein-ligand interactions of these derivatives were compared to those reference standards Tyrphostin 1 (AG9) and Tyrphostin 23 (A23). Compound 3 showed a stronger effect on two cell lines (HER2 and FPPS) than the reference drugs. A 20 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was also conducted to examine the ligand's behavior at the active binding site of the modeled protein, utilizing the lowest docking energy obtained from the molecular docking study. Enthalpies (ΔH), Gibbs free energies (ΔG), entropies (ΔS), and frontier molecular orbital parameters (highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap, hardness, and softness) were calculated to confirm the thermodynamic stability of all derivatives. The consistent results obtained from the in silico studies suggest that compound 3 has potential as a new anticancer and antiparasitic drug. Further research is required to validate its efficacy.

The burden of type 2 diabetes in Australia during the period 1990-2019: Findings from the global burden of disease study.

AIMS: To describe morbidity and mortality trends of type 2 diabetes in Australia, from 1990 to 2019, compared with similar sociodemographic index (SDI) countries. METHODS: Australia-specific Global Burden of Diseases data were used to estimate age-standardised, age-specific, and sex-specific rates for prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and deaths due to type 2 diabetes between 1990 and 2019. Australian data were compared with 14 similar SDI countries. RESULTS: Type 2 diabetes increased in Australia between 1990 and 2019. The age-standardised prevalence increased from 1,985 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1,786.7-2195.3] per 100,000 population, to 3,429 [95% CI 3,053.3-3,853.7]. Cases tripled, from 379,532 [342,465-419,475] to 1,307,261 [1,165,522-1,461,180]. The age-standardised death rates doubled, from 2,098 [1,953-2,203] per 100,000, to 4,122 [3,617-4,512]. DALYs doubled, from 70,348 [59,187-83,500] to 169,763 [129,792-216,150], with increases seen in YLDs and YLLs. Men displayed higher rates. Compared to similar SDI countries, Australia ranked 4th in terms of burden for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of type 2 diabetes in Australia has increased considerably over three decades. There is an urgent need to prioritise resource allocation for prevention programs, screening initiatives to facilitate early detection, and effective and accessible management strategies for the large proportion of the population impacted by type 2 diabetes.

Six-year trends and intersectional correlates of meeting 24-Hour Movement Guidelines among South Korean adolescents: Korea Youth Risk Behavior Surveys, 2013-2018.

BACKGROUND: Grounded in intersectionality theory, this study examined the 6-year prevalence trend and correlates in meeting Canada's 24-Hour Movement Guidelines (Guidelines hereafter) in a nationally representative adolescent samples of South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea). METHODS: Self-reported, annually repeated cross-sectional data collected between 2013 and 2018 were used (n = 372,433, 12-17 years old, 47.9% females). Adolescents were categorized as meeting or not meeting different sets of physical activity, screen time (ST), and sleep recommendations within the Guidelines, separately for weekdays and weekend days. Intersectional correlates included sex and social class (i.e., family economic status, parental education level, and academic performance). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Overall, the proportion of adolescents meeting physical activity, ST, and sleep recommendations were 5.3%, 60.3%, and 10.2% on weekdays and 5.3%, 28.2%, and 46.4% on weekend days, respectively. Between 2013 and 2018, no substantial changes were observed for meeting the physical activity or sleep recommendation, while meeting the ST recommendation was markedly lower in 2018. The proportion of meeting all 3 recommendations were 0.5% for weekdays and 0.8% for weekend days. Overall, compared to female adolescents, male adolescents were consistently associated with more favorable patterns of meeting different sets of recommendations, regardless of social class. Among females only, social class appeared to be not important or even detrimental in meeting different sets of recommendations. Being male, compounded with social class, was associated with meeting the ST recommendation. CONCLUSION: Less than 1% of Korean adolescents met the overall Guidelines. Intersectionality-based analysis and intervention may be important in promoting healthy active lifestyles among South Korean adolescents.

The prevalence of chronic diseases in international immigrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: The purpose of this study is systematically to review and synthesise available prevalence data of major chronic diseases in international immigrants. METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched to retrieve peer-reviewed original articles published in English between January 2000 and December 2020. Cross-sectional, cohort, or longitudinal studies that reported the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, any type of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes among immigrant adults were included. We calculated pooled prevalence using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Of 13,363 articles retrieved, 24 met the eligibility criteria. The pooled prevalence of diabetes was 9.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.6-10.4) with a higher prevalence in North American countries 11.1% (95% CI 8.0-14.1) than in the other destination countries: 6.6% (95% CI 5.1-8.1) including Italy, Sweden, The Netherlands, Australia, and Israel. The pooled prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases was 7.7% (95% CI 5.7-9.6) and 6.5% (95% CI 2.3-10.7), respectively. Only two articles reported the prevalence of cancers (2.7% and 3.8%). We found high heterogeneity among all studies regardless of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of diabetes was higher than other chronic diseases in international immigrants. There is a strong need to enhance health information systems to understand the magnitude of chronic diseases among different immigrant subgroups.

The process of stigma experience in the families of people living with bipolar disorder: a grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: One of the most challenging issues faced by families of people living with bipolar disorder is stigma. This study was conducted to explain the process of stigma experience in the families of people living with bipolar disorder using the grounded theory method. METHODS: Data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews with participants in Razi Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran, Iran, via purposive sampling and field notetaking. The dependability, conformability, and transferability measures were included to support the data accuracy and robustness, and MAXQDA 2020 software was used to facilitate data coding. The Strauss-Corbin method was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: A total of 20 family members of people living with bipolar disorder, four people living with bipolar disorder, and three mental health professionals participated in this study. The analysis of participants' experiences led to identifying 64 subcategories, 21 categories, and six main concepts, including social deprivation, being labelled, cultural deficiency and lack of awareness, economic challenges, forced acceptance of the existing situation, and social isolation. CONCLUSION: Families of people living with bipolar disorder experience social deprivation, social isolation, and social rejection, which have irreparable consequences for them. Overcoming stigma in these families should be a priority of policymakers and planners in the field of psychosocial health.

Healthcare providers' perspectives on using smart home systems to improve self-management and care in people with heart failure: A qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Smart home systems can potentially improve heart failure (HF) self-management and care. However, evidence is lacking on clinicians' expectations and opinions about these systems. This study aimed to investigate key healthcare providers' perspectives on using smart home systems for self-management and care in people with HF. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively selected healthcare providers experienced in caring for people with HF in Australia. Participants were presented with a schematic for a prototype smart home system comprising a central hub connected with medical devices and sensors. An inductive thematic analysis approach was used to establish the perceived benefits and barriers to using smart home systems and enhance the self-management of people with HF. RESULTS: Overall, participants reported that smart home systems could improve the self-management of people with HF with some reservations and suggestions. Four substantive themes emerged from the qualitative findings: role of smart home systems in self-management, suggested features of a smart home system, benefits of smart home system, and factors that may influence smart home system uptake. Participants shared several reservations, such as the potential for increased workload and difficulty of technology use for some patients due to age and HF-related disabilities. Participants highlighted that the abilities and needs of people with HF must be considered when developing any smart home systems. Furthermore, these systems might benefit health institutions and people with HF by allowing remote monitoring and services and allowing patients to live at home independently. CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers considered smart home systems might be potentially helpful to monitor HF patients and deliver interventions to improve their lives, despite several reservations. Future research is needed to address these reservations, identify the needs and abilities of people with HF to use technologies, effects of smart home systems on HF self-management and their impact on clinical practice and health outcomes.

Consensus on Recommended Functions of a Smart Home System to Improve Self-Management Behaviors in People With Heart Failure: A Modified Delphi Approach.

Background: Smart home systems could enhance clinical and self-management of chronic heart failure by supporting health monitoring and remote support, but evidence to guide the design of smart home system functionalities is lacking. Objective: To identify consensus-based recommendations for functions of a smart home system that could augment clinical and self-management for people living with chronic heart failure in the community. Methods: Healthcare professionals caring for people living with chronic heart failure participated in a two-round modified Delphi survey and a consensus workshop. Thirty survey items spanning eight chronic health failure categories were derived from international guidelines for the management of heart failure. In survey Round 1, participants rated the importance of all items using a 9-point Liket scale and suggested new functions to support people with chronic heart failure in their homes using a smart home system. The Likert scale scores ranged from 0 (not important) to 9 (very important) and scores were categorized into three groups: 1-3 = not important, 4-6 = important, and 7-9 = very important. Consensus agreement was defined a priori as ≥70% of respondents rating a score of ≥7 and ≤ 15% rating a score ≤ 3. In survey Round 2, panel members re-rated items where consensus was not reached, and rated the new items proposed in earlier round. Panel members were invited to an online consensus workshop to discuss items that had not reached consensus after Round 2 and agree on a set of recommendations for a smart home system. Results: In Round 1, 15 experts agreed 24/30 items were "very important", and suggested six new items. In Round 2, experts agreed 2/6 original items and 6/6 new items were "very important". During the consensus workshop, experts endorsed 2/4 remaining items. Finally, the expert panel recommended 34 items as "very important" for a smart home system including, healthy eating, body weight and fluid intake, physical activity and sedentary behavior, heart failure symptoms, tobacco cessation and alcohol reduction, medication adherence, physiological monitoring, interaction with healthcare professionals, and mental health among others. Conclusion: A panel of healthcare professional experts recommended 34-item core functions in smart home systems designed to support people with chronic heart failure for self-management and clinical support. Results of this study will help researchers to co-design and protyping solutions with consumers and healthcare providers to achieve these core functions to improve self-management and clinical outcomes in people with chronic heart failure.

Lifestyle behaviours of immigrant and Australian children: Evidence from a nationally representative sample.

This study aimed to examine the prevalence of physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), sleep, and fruit and vegetable intake of children with low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC) parents, high-income countries (HIC), and Australian children, and whether these behaviours are associated with their immigrant status. Data for this study were from wave 7 of the Birth cohort (B cohort) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. We used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to examine associations between health behaviours and immigrant status. The models were adjusted for a number of covariates. Children with LMIC parents had lower odds of meeting PA and sleep recommendations and higher odds ratio (OR) of meeting fruit and vegetable intake, and ST recommendations than Australian or HIC children. Children with LMIC parents had one-third the odds of meeting the PA recommendations (OR 0.39 [95%CI 0.22-0.70]) than Australian children. No significant differences were observed in lifestyle behaviours among children with HIC parents and Australian children. Lifestyle behaviours of children with LMIC parents differed from those of HIC and Australian children. However, children with HIC parents and Australian children had comparable lifestyle behaviours. Identified disparities in lifestyle behaviours among immigrant children can inform strategies to bring equity in Australian children's lifestyles. Our study underscores the importance of culturally appropriate targeted interventions to promote PA and sleep of children with LMIC parents.

Socioecological correlates associated with muscle-strengthening exercise at home during COVID-19 among adolescents: The our life at home study.

This study examined adolescent muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) participation at home and associated socioecological correlates during Australia's initial COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. Adolescents (N = 731, Mage = 16.3, SD = 1.2 years, 73% female) self-reported their MSE participation in February 2020 (pre-lockdown; at a gym or at home) and April/May (during lockdown; at home only as gyms were closed). They also reported a range of potential individual, family, and home environment correlates. Remoteness and area-level socioeconomic disadvantage were also considered. Logistic regression models examined potential correlates of participation in any MSE and MSE engagement ≥3 times/week during April/May. Fewer adolescents participated in MSE during April/May (48%) than February (54%), however, the proportions that engaged in MSE ≥3 times/week were the same (30%). Prioritising being active every day (OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.52, 3.90), being active with sibling/s ≥ 5 days/week (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.00, 5.00) and access to weights at home (OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.94, 4.57) were associated with higher odds of any MSE participation at home during April/May. These variables were also positively associated with MSE participation at home ≥3 times/week. Understanding how to support adolescents to prioritise being active, engage in MSE with siblings, and provide equipment may assist adolescents to engage in home-based MSE.

Physical activity and active recreation before and during COVID-19: The Our Life at Home study.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of COVID-19 related 'lockdown restrictions' on Australian's (5-75 years) physical activity recommendation achievement and active recreation participation. DESIGN: Cross-sectional online survey with self and proxy-report items (where the participant was a parent). METHODS: Adults (n = 1360) and adolescents (n = 1292) reported the frequency they performed 30- or 60-min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), muscle-strengthening exercises, and participation in 11 active recreation behaviours in February 2020 (pre-COVID-19) and in April/May (during lockdown restrictions). Parents also proxy-reported activity for their child (n = 147, 5-12 years). Mixed effects logistic regressions or a logistic regression (with robust sandwich estimation for variance) assessed recall differences pre- and during lockdown, and interaction by sex. RESULTS: Compared to February, in April/May children were less likely to meet MVPA recommendations (OR = 0.27, 95%CI = 0.12-0.64); adolescents males, but not females, were less likely to meet MVPA (OR = 0.71, 95%CI 0.43, 1.17) and both recommendations (OR = 0.12, 95%CI = 0.02, 0.79); and adults were more likely to meet MVPA (OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 1.01, 1.57) but less likely to meet muscle-strengthening exercise recommendations (OR = 0.76, 9%CI = 0.65, 0.89). Across age groups more participants reported walking, muscle strengthening exercises at home, and yoga/Pilates/stretching at home, and fewer performed informal sport practice and play, and recreational activities. CONCLUSIONS: Lockdown restrictions had different effects on physical activity and active recreation among age groups and by sex. Physical activity promotion strategies that target children and adolescents, at home physical activity options, active neighbourhoods, and (re)engagement in informal sport and recreational activities post-COVID-19 are critical for (re)engaging Australians in health-enhancing behaviours.

Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Bangladesh.

Diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a major public health burden in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore factors associated with CKD in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 315 adults with T2D presenting at the outpatient department of Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS) hospital between July 2013 to December 2013. CKD was diagnosed based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate using the 'Modification of Diet in Renal Disease' equations and the presence of albuminuria estimated by the albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with CKD. The overall prevalence of CKD among patients with T2D was 21.3%. In the unadjusted model, factors associated with CKD included age 40-49 years (OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 1.3-25.4), age 50-59 years (7.0, 1.6-39), age ≥60 years (7.6, 1.7-34), being female (2.2, 1.2-3.8), being hypertensive (1.9, 1.1-3.5), and household income between 10,001 and 20,000 Bangladeshi taka, BDT (2.9, 1.0-8.2) compared with income ≤10,000 BDT. However, after adjustment of other covariates, only the duration of hypertension and household income (10,001-20,000 BDT) remained statistically significant. There is a need to implement policies and programs for early detection and management of hypertension and CKD in T2D patients in Bangladesh.

Changes in Families' Leisure, Educational/Work and Social Screen Time Behaviours before and during COVID-19 in Australia: Findings from the Our Life at Home Study.

This study aimed to understand differences in leisure, educational/work and social screen time behaviours experienced by parents and children due to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions, which may inform behaviour change strategies and policy in the transition to a COVID-normal life. Participants in the "Our Life at Home" study (n = 218 parents from Australia, 43.4 ± 6.8 years, 88% female) completed a cross-sectional online survey in April/May 2020. Parents recalled their own and their child (8.7 ± 2.0 years, 42% female) or adolescents (15.0 ± 1.5 years, 50% female) participation in nine screen time behaviours in the past month (during lockdown) and retrospectively for February 2020 (pre-lockdown), providing data on 436 individuals. Screen time behaviours included leisure (computer/laptop and tablet/smartphone for leisure, TV/videos/DVDs and game consoles); education/work (computer/laptop and tablet/smartphone for work/education); and social screen time (computer/tablet/smartphone for social communication with friends, family and work (parents only)). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and effect sizes (r) compared the time spent in each behaviour pre-lockdown and during lockdown. Large differences were observed in social (parents: r = 0.41-0.57; children: r = 0.55-0.65; adolescents: r = 0.28-0.43) and education (children: r = 0.50-0.65 and adolescents: r = 0.25-0.37) behaviours. There were small or no differences in leisure time screen use. COVID-19 lockdown restrictions have impacted parent's and children's screen time, and future research and policy should consider strategies to support families to manage screen time.

Brain Emotional Learning and Adaptive Model Predictive Controller for Induction Motor Drive: A New Cascaded Vector Control Topology.

With the development of high-speed microprocessors, it is now possible to implement mathematically complex vector control algorithms without compromising on the performance of motor drive. Among vector control techniques space vector proportional-integral (PI), direct-torque control (DTC), field-oriented control (FOC), model-predictive control (MPC) are being widely used in industries. But their limitations have urged researchers to develop more advance techniques. In this paper, a new technique learning and adaptive model - based predictive control (termed as LAMPC) is proposed for the vector control of three phase induction motor. In the proposed method, the dynamic model of induction motor is updated adaptively based on prediction (receding horizon principle) for the inner control loop (current control) while the brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller (BELIC) is used for the outer control loop (speed control). The proposed methodology offers desired dynamic response, precise tracking, good disturbance handling capability along with satisfactory steady-state performance. To show the effectiveness of the proposed approach, benchmark simulation results for various inputs are presented using MATLAB/Simulink. Finally, the detailed qualitative and quantitative comparison of the proposed LAMPC is made with the most relevant vector techniques to show its significance.

Cardiovascular diseases risk prediction in patients with diabetes: Posthoc analysis from a matched case-control study in Bangladesh.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the estimated 10-year predicted risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) among participants with and without diabetes in Bangladesh. METHODS: We performed posthoc analysis from a matched case-control study conducted among 1262 participants. A total of 631 participants with diabetes (case) were recruited from a tertiary hospital, and 631 age, sex and residence matched participants (control) were recruited from the community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Socioeconomic anthropometric, clinical and CVD risk factor data were collected from the participants. The 10-year estimated CVD risk was calculated using the Framingham Risk Score, which has reasonable validity in South Asians. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the participants were 51 (10) years. Total 52.3% of cases and 17.2% of controls were at high risk for CVD. The 10-year risk of CVD increased by age and was higher among males in both groups. Among the control group, high CVD risk was more prevalent among higher education and income groups. More than 85% of the tobacco smokers and 70% of chewing tobacco users in the case group were at high risk of CVD. Prevalence of high CVD risk among non-smokers cases was 8.6%. About 35% of hypertensive participants in the control group were at high risk of CVD. CONCLUSION: Bangladeshi patients with diabetes showed a significant burden of CVD risk at a relatively younger age. Strategies for reducing tobacco use and improving BP control in people with diabetes is needed for lowering future CVD risks.

Association of carbonated soft drink and fast food intake with stress-related sleep disturbance among adolescents: A global perspective from 64 countries.

BACKGROUND: Poor quality sleep adversely impacts on adolescent wellbeing. More multinational research is needed to understand modifiable risk factors, such as dietary behaviours. This study aimed to examine the association of carbonated soft drink and fast food intake with stress-related sleep disturbance among adolescents across 64 countries. METHODS: We analysed the Global School-based Student Health Survey data from 175,261 adolescents (mean age 13.8 [0.98]; 48.5% females). Adolescents reported frequency of stress-related sleep disturbance and consumption of carbonated soft drinks and fast foods. Country-level estimates were obtained by using multivariable logistic regression and meta-analysis to obtain pooled estimates. FINDINGS: Overall, 7.5% of adolescents reported sleep disturbance during the past 12 months (males: 6.6%; females: 8.4%). Meta-analysis showed that adolescents having carbonated soft drinks ≥3 times/day had over 50% higher odds of reporting sleep disturbance than